cuatro mg/d versus KCl, 110±2.7 mg/d; P<0.001) ( Table 1 ). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary pH (K-cit, 7.51±0.04 versus KCl, 6.71±0.05; P<0.001). K-cit reduced mean overall urinary NH₄ (K-cit, 0.25±0.01 mmol/d versus KCl, 0.41±0.01 mmol/d; P<0.001). K-cit increased the mean overall urinary sulfate (K-cit, 1.08±0.02 mEq/d versus KCl, 0.86±0.02 mEq/d; P<0.001). Each of these changes was present at each time point. Overall mean urinary uric acid excretion did not differ (K-cit, 1.6±0.1 mg/d versus KCl, 2.0±0.2 mg/d; P=NS).

Table 1.

Urinary citrate, pH and sulfate were increased while NH₄, chloride, sodium and K were the same or decreased with K-cit compared to KCl

Viewpoints is actually indicated as indicate±SEM. Pee are accumulated having twenty four time at the 6, twelve, and you will 18 wk to choose solute accounts as described on the To the level Strategies.

K-cit resulted in a slightly lower overall mean urinary sodium (K-cit, 2.16±0.03 mmol/d versus KCl, 2.36±0.04; P<0.001), which was significant at 6 and 18 weeks but not at 12 weeks ( Table 1 ). K-cit resulted in a slightly but significantly lower mean overall urinary K (K-cit, 4.8±0.04 mmol/d versus KCl, 5.3±0.08 mmol/d; P<0.001) that was significant at each time period. As expected, the rats receiving K-cit excreted less chloride than the rats receiving KCl (K-cit, 2.2±0.07 mEq/d versus KCl, 6.4±0.15 mEq/d; P<0.001), which was significant at each 6-week time period. K-cit did not alter the overall mean urine volume (K-cit, 47.3±1.6 ml/d versus KCl, 53.0±2.7 ml/d; P=NS) or the overall mean urinary creatinine (K-cit, ±0.17 mg/d versus KCl, ±0.22 mg/d; P=NS).

Urine Supersaturation

K-cit led to a significant increase in the urinary supersaturation with respect to both CaP (K-cit, 8.5±0.6 versus KCl, 4.9±0.2; P<0.001) and CaOx (K-cit, 9.8±0.5 versus KCl, 5.5±0.2; P<0.001) and a reduction of supersaturation with respect to uric acid (K-cit, 0.003±0.0005 versus KCl, 0.022±0.003; P<0.001) ( Figure 2 ). Each of these differences was significant at each time period.

Urinary supersaturation (SS) of CaP and CaOx were increased and uric acid SS was decreased with K-cit. Urine was collected for 24 hours at 6, 12, and 18 weeks to determine solute levels that were used to calculate relative supersaturation as described in the Concise Methods. Values for relative supersaturation are mean±SEM and are unitless. *K-cit different aplicaciones de citas internacionales from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.

Gel Account

Gel amounts of calcium supplements and PTH failed to disagree ranging from K-cit–given and you may KCl-given mice, when you are solution phosphate accounts was ;fed rats ( Contour step 3 ).

K-cit decreased serum phosphate levels but did not change serum Ca or PTH. At the conclusion of the 18-week study, these levels were determined as described in the Concise Methods. Values are mean±SEM. *K-cit different from KCl, same time period, P<0.05.

Brick Development

K-cit don’t change the number of rocks shaped or the total amount out-of calcification on the kidneys ( Profile 4 ). All the rats formed rocks out of comparable size and you can occurrence together with equivalent levels of calcification from inside the renal and you will meeting system.

Renal brick development and you may calcification wasn’t various other during the rats fed KCl otherwise K-cit. After the newest 18-week analysis, the fresh new the quantity regarding renal rocks and calcification is dependent on about three perceiver once the explained about Concise Procedures. Extent away from renal calcification has also been computed as the explained on To the point Measures. (A) User radiographs from kidneys out of rats acquiring KCl otherwise K-cit. Calcification results into photo revealed are given because the a research. (B) Quantitation from stone creation and calcification throughout rats receiving KCl otherwise K-cit. Philosophy try imply±SEM.

Obvious rocks was indeed dissected of representative kidneys of one another teams and you may analyzed for amazingly morphology. The new diffraction patterns for all examined samples have been congruent to the diffraction pattern off biologic apatite, a cover stone ( Profile 5 , top). That have accessibility sign electron microscopy (TEM), all the renal stone deposits had a rod- or needle-instance shape, just as the morphology away from biologic apatite crystals ( Profile 5 , bottom) and as opposed to the fresh new octahedral amazingly morphology out of CaOx.